LA JOLLA, Calif.—A new study led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) shows that the act of creating pluripotent stem cells for clinical use is unlikely to pass on cancer-causing mutations to patients.
The research, published February 19, 2016 in the journal Nature Communications, is an important step in assessing patient safety in the rapidly developing field of stem cell therapies.
The new study focused on the safety of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in human patients. Because iPSCs can differentiate into any kind of cell in the body, they hold potential for repairing damage from injuries or diseases such as Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis.
“We wanted to know whether reprogramming cells would make the cells prone to mutations,” said Jeanne Loring, professor of developmental neurobiology at TSRI and co-leader of the new study with Nicholas J. Schork, professor and director of human biology at JCVI. “The answer is ‘no.’”
"The safety of patients comes first, and our study is one of the first to address the safety concerns about iPSC-based cell replacement strategies and hopefully will spark further interest,” added Schork.
To make an iPSC, scientists must reprogram an adult cell, such as a skin cell, to express a different set of genes, which can be accomplished using viruses as delivery vehicles or with molecules called messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
The researchers looked at three popular methods of iPSC production (integrating retroviral vectors, non-integrating Sendai virus and synthetic mRNAs), assessing each for the potential to trigger cancer-causing mutations.
“Unfortunately, there are few mutations or copy number variations that bring a reliable probability for cancer development,” Loring states. “The best characterized are the mutations in the BRCA genes. We searched all of the available databases to determine what the mutations found in our iPSCs are likely to do. It's a moving target, though, because there is so little known about risk. In practice, we eliminate all iPSC clones that have duplications of genes involved in cell attachment, cell migration, receptors, growth factors, or other functions that might alter the cells' behavior.While the researchers noted some minor alterations in the iPSCs, none of the methods led to significant mutations. The researchers repeated the experiments two more times and again found no significant risk.”
Summarizing, Loring adds “The methods we’re using to make pluripotent stem cells are safe.”
The scientists do warn that even though iPSCs don’t gain cancer-causing mutations during reprogramming, potentially harmful mutations can accumulate later on as iPSCs multiply in lab cultures. Loring said scientists must analyze their cells for these mutations before using them in therapies.
“We need to move on to developing these cells for clinical applications,” said Loring. “The quality control we’re recommending is to use genomic methods to thoroughly characterize the cells before you put them into people.”
The cells accumulate duplications, deletions, and mutations with time in culture, Loring explains. “The ones we worry about affect genes that are associated with cell behavior or signaling. For example, one frequently duplicated region on chromosome 21 contains an oncogene, and its expression is unregulated in cells with the duplications. Most importantly, we discovered that when cells are cultured for a very long time, they often develop deletions of p53. As you know, p53 mutations are found in a majority of cancers. The deletions we discovered were heterozygous, but losing one copy of p53 conveys significant risk. We published that work last year:”
“We found some variation depending on preparation method, but nothing that indicated that one method was ‘safer’ than the others. The mutations were randomly distributed across the genome, suggesting that they are not being specifically induced,” Loring adds.
