Scientists move toward helping paralysis patients

LOS ANGELES—Scientists may be another step closer to being able to understand how to reverse paralysis in human beings.

 

For the first time, a study shows the central nervous system can reorganize itself and follow a network of new, shorter pathways around the damage to restore the cellular communication required for movement, a find that the team at UCLA, led by Prof Michael Sofroniew believes has "important implications."

 

Published in the journal Nature Medicine, the discovery could pave the way to new therapies for those who suffer from traumatic spinal cord injuries and also explains why some patients do manage to recover to varying degrees.

 

"Imagine the long nerve fibers that run between the cells in the brain and lower spinal cord as major freeways," notes Sofroniew, lead author and professor of neurobiology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. "When there's a traffic accident on the freeway, what do drivers do? They take shorter surface streets. These detours aren't as fast or direct, but still allow drivers to reach their destination.

Spinal cord damage at the neck blocks the routes that the brain uses to send messages to control the legs. The body does have some ability to regenerate crushed or severed nerves but, until now, doctors believed that it was impossible to re-grow the long nerve highways that link the brain and base of the spinal cord.

 

It was generally accepted that the only way for function to be restored was for long nerves from the brain to the base of the spinal cord to re-grow. Instead, Sofroniew found that "propriospinal relay connections" bypassed injuries, like drivers faced with an accident taking different routes rather than waiting for the crash to be cleared.

 

"We saw something similar in our research," he adds. "When spinal cord damage blocked direct signals from the brain, under certain conditions the messages were able to make detours around the injury. The message would follow a series of shorter connections to deliver the brain's command to move the legs."

 

In the studies of mice, Sofroniew and his colleagues blocked half of the long nerve fibres in different places and at different times on each side of the spinal cord. They left untouched the spinal cord's centre, which contains a connected series of shorter nerve pathways. The latter convey information over short distances up and down the spinal cord.

 

What the researchers discovered during their study surprised them.

 

"We were excited to see that most of the mice regained the ability to control their legs within eight weeks," Sofroniew points out. "They walked more slowly and less confidently than before their injury, but still recovered mobility."

 

When the researchers blocked the short nerve pathways in the center of the spinal cord, the regained function disappeared, returning the animals' paralysis. This step confirmed that the nervous system had rerouted messages from the brain to the spinal cord via the shorter pathways, and that these nerve cells were critical to the animal's recovery.

 

"When I was a medical student, my professors taught that the brain and spinal cord were hard-wired at birth and could not adapt to damage. Severe injury to the spinal cord meant permanent paralysis," says Sofroniew.

 

"This pessimistic view has changed over my lifetime, and our findings add to a growing body of research showing that the nervous system can reorganize after injury," he added. "What we demonstrate here is that the body can use alternate nerve pathways to deliver instructions that control walking."

 

The UCLA team's next step will be to learn how to entice nerve cells in the spinal cord to grow and form new pathways that connect across or around the injury site, enabling the brain to direct these cells. If the researchers succeed, the findings could lead to the development of new strategies for restoring mobility following spinal cord injury.

 

"Our study has identified cells that we can target to try to restore communication between the brain and spinal cord," explains Sofroniew. "If we can use existing nerve connections instead of attempting to rebuild the nervous system the way it existed before injury, our job of repairing spinal cord damage will become much easier."

 

Spinal cord injury involves damage to the nerves enclosed within the spinal canal; most injuries result from trauma to the vertebral column. This affects the brain's ability to send and receive messages below the injury site to the systems that control breathing, movement and digestion. Patients generally experience greater paralysis when injury strikes higher in the spinal column.

 

Sofroniew stresses that more work must be done before human trials can be contemplated.

According to the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, which co-sponsored the study, there are approximately a quarter of a million Americans suffering from traumatic spinal cord injury, with 10,000 new cases a year.

The higher up the spinal column the injury occurs, the greater the resulting paralysis, which can also include loss of movement of the rest of the body, and loss of control of digestion and breathing.

The UCLA study was also supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, the Adelson Medical Foundation and the Roman Reed Spinal Cord Injury Research Fund of California.

 

Sofroniew's coauthors included Gregoire Courtine, Dr. Bingbing Song, Roland Roy, Hui Zhong, Julia Herrmann, Dr. Yan Ao, Jingwei Qi and Reggie Edgerton, all of UCLA.