Cholesterol may be key to new Alzheimer’s and diabetes therapies
University of Arizona researcher looks beyond traditional causes to find novel therapies
TUCSON, Ariz.—There remains no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, which affects more than 5.5 million people in the United States alone. But interestingly, as research for one goes one, scientists have found evidence linking at least some of the underlying causes of Alzheimer’s with another disease—type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin becomes less efficient at removing glucose from the bloodstream, resulting in high blood sugar that can cause abnormal cholesterol levels. A similar situation occurs in Alzheimer's disease, but rather than affecting the body as a whole, the effects are localized in the brain.
Building on this insight, a University of Arizona researcher examined the role of cholesterol in both Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes to identify a small molecule that may help regulate cholesterol levels in the brain, making it a potential new therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease.
“Alzheimer’s and diabetes share many common causes,” said Dr. Gregory Thatcher, a professor of pharmacology and toxicology in the university’s College of Pharmacy and the newly named R. Ken and Donna Coit Endowed Chair in Drug Discovery. “Our goal was to develop a way of identifying compounds that would counteract many detrimental changes that contribute to both Alzheimer’s and type 2 diabetes.”
The paper, “Discovery of Nonlipogenic ABCA1 Inducing Compounds with Potential in Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes,” was published in the journal ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science.
When cholesterol rises, due to insulin resistance or other factors, the body starts a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, during which specific molecules carry excess cholesterol to the liver to be excreted. apolipoprotein E (APOE) is one of the proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport.
APOE is also the strongest risk factor gene for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia, and an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Similarly, reduced activity of another cholesterol transporter, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), correlates with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease.
“While most people are aware of so-called ‘good cholesterol’ and ‘bad cholesterol’ associated with risk of heart attack and stroke, these broad concepts are also applicable to a healthy brain,” said Thatcher, who has been working to develop advanced therapeutics for Alzheimer’s for more than 20 years. “Moving cholesterol to where it is needed in the body has positive effects on many physiological processes and can help clear misfolded proteins that accumulate in the brain.”
Increasing the activity of ABCA1 is expected to positively influence insulin signaling and reduce inflammation in the brain, making it a potential therapy for both type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, Thatcher and the research team designed a way to identify small molecules that improve the function of ABCA1 in the body while avoiding unwanted effects to the liver.
Furthermore, in a March 20 paper in the journal EBioMedicine, titled “Metabolomic analysis of a selective ABCA1 inducer in obesogenic challenge provides a rationale for therapeutic development,” Thatcher’s team homed in on a specific small molecule, CL2-57, due to its ability to stimulate ABCA1 activity with positive effects on liver and plasma triglycerides. The use of this compound showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as reduced weight gain, among other beneficial effects.
Their future research will seek to improve the properties of the small molecules to increase the levels in the brain. Their long-term goal is to understand which patients suffering from the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s and dementia will benefit from the treatment.
