BETHESDA, MD—Researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) have discovered that a hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), is extremely elevated in mice with liver disease that mimics the same condition in patients with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), a serious genomic disorder. Based on this finding, medical teams treating patients with MMA will be able to measure FGF21 levels to predict how severely patients’ livers are affected and when to refer patients for liver transplants.
The findings also might shed light on more common disorders such as fatty liver disease, obesity and diabetes by uncovering similarities in how MMA and these disorders affect energy metabolism and, more specifically, the function of mitochondria. The study, conducted by researchers at the NHGRI, part of the National Institutes of Health, was published December 6th in JCI Insight.
“Findings from mouse studies usually take years to translate into health care treatment, but not in this case,” said Charles P. Venditti, MD, PhD, senior author and senior investigator in the NHGRI Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch. “We can use this information today to ensure that patients with MMA are treated before they develop severe complications.”
According to the NHGRI website, MMA is a descriptive term for “a group of inherited disorders in which the body is unable to process certain proteins and fats (lipids) properly. People with this disease can’t change, or ‘metabolize,’ a substance called called methymalonyl-coenzyme A. The result is a buildup of methylmalonic acid in the body.”
The condition affects roughly 1 in 50,000 children born in the United States and can be detected through newborn screening. Children with MMA suffer from frequent life-threatening metabolic crises when they encounter a minor viral illness or other stressors like trauma, dietary imbalance or surgery. They must adhere to a special low-protein diet and take various supplements for their entire lives.
The NHGRI team created a new mouse model and used it to discover key pathways that were affected during a fasting challenge to model a metabolic crisis in a patient with MMA. It enabled them to identify markers that they could then measure in MMA patients to assess the severity of the dysfunction in their mitochondria, specifically in the liver.
“Of great importance to the consideration of FGF21 as a hepatic biomarker for MMA patients, where renal disease directly influences the serum levels of methylmalonic acid, FGF21 concentrations did not correlate with renal disease indices, including creatinine, cystatin C, and estimated GFR, suggesting that circulating FGF21 will be a particularly useful biomarker to track hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and response to MUT replacement therapies, independent of kidney function,” notes the study article.
The MMA mice also allowed them to study the response to liver-directed gene therapy and to compare the findings in patients after liver transplant surgery. Liver transplants give patients with MMA a missing enzyme and ease some symptoms, but do not cure the disease. Kidney transplantation, on the other hand, is necessary when patients reach terminal stages of renal failure, an expected chronic complication of MMA. Selecting which patients would benefit from a liver or combined liver/kidney transplant as opposed to just a kidney transplant is an important clinical decision for families and their clinicians.
“We found that having MMA, whether in a mouse or person, causes stress pathways to be chronically activated and can impair their ability to respond to acute stress,” said Irini Manoli, MD, PhD, lead author and associate investigator in NHGRI’s Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch. “Our new markers can accurately predict how effective a therapy, whether cellular or genomic, might be for the patients.”
Since 2003, Venditti and his team have conducted research on patients with MMA and are following 200 patients with MMA, the world’s largest cohort. The NHGRI team will use FGF21 measurements along with other tests presented in the study in the design of upcoming gene-based clinical trials that the lab has worked on for many years.
The NHGRI team plans to assess the role of FGF21 pathways in other symptoms seen in MMA. Their goals are to understand what defines the vulnerability to stress in MMA to better diagnose life-threatening metabolic crises that occur in patients, test new genomic therapies and find treatments that work for every patient.
