BIRMINGHAM, UK—University of Birmingham researchers are working to isolate and extract the COVID-19 encounter complex in a form that is stable enough for identification of target sites for future antiviral drugs.

The encounter complex is formed when the COVID-19 spike latches onto a binding site on an ACE-2 receptor, which is a complex protein embedded in cell membranes in the lungs, as well as cells that line the nose and airways.

Although it was first isolated last year, the methods used involved full extraction of ACE-2 receptors from cell membranes, and this removal of the membrane’s supportive structure affects the stability of the receptor, which makes it difficult to study its structure and function.

The Birmingham researchers are using polymer-based molecular “cookie cutters” to isolate the complex and keep it embedded in the cell membrane, thus preserving the full structure of the molecule in its original context and in a stable form. The polymers are called styrene maleic anhydrides, or SMAs, and the resulting structure is known as an SMA lipid particle, or SMALP, as it includes lipids from the cell membranes.

The technique was invented by Tim Dafforn from the University’s School of Biosciences, who led researchers at the Universities of Birmingham and Oxford to extract what they believe is the first ever COVID-19 encounter complex with an intact membrane.

This initial project, which was funded by UKRI/BBSRC COVID-19 Rapid Response funding, also includes characterizing the complex with a view to publishing its structure. The researchers have also received funding from Innovate UK that will enable a wider team to determine which area of the complex will be the most effective for anti-viral drug discovery efforts.

The SMAs used in the study were provided by Netherlands-based company Orbiscope, which is a business unit of Polyscope Polymers B.V., and the world’s largest producer or SMAs for high-end applications including laminates for printed circuit boards, architectural and printed coatings, paints, performance materials used in cars, and cosmetics. 

Said Bart Verbraeken, business unit manager at Orbiscope: “Beyond COVID-19, we believe SMAs have huge potential to unblock constrictions in the drug pipeline, by enabling studies of receptors in their native environments that will define drug targets more precisely than ever before.”