Shank3 side effects

Neuroscientists unravel gene’s role in autism and schizophrenia

Mel J. Yeates
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass.—Although it’s known that psychiatric disorders have a strong genetic component, untangling the web of genes contributing to each disease is a daunting task. Scientists have found hundreds of mutated genes in patients with disorders such as autism, but each patient usually has only a handful of these variations. To further complicate matters, some of these genes contribute to more than one disorder. One such gene, known as Shank3, has been linked to both autism and schizophrenia.
 
MIT neuroscientists have shed some light on how a single gene can play a role in more than one disease. In a study appearing in the Dec. 10 online edition of Neuron, researchers revealed two different mutations of the Shank3 gene which produce some distinct molecular and behavioral effects in mice.
 
“This study gives a glimpse into the mechanism by which different mutations within the same gene can cause distinct defects in the brain, and may help to explain how they may contribute to different disorders,” says Dr. Guoping Feng, the James W. and Patricia Poitras Professor of Neuroscience at MIT, a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research, a member of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute and senior author of the study.
 
The findings also suggest that identifying the brain circuits affected by mutated genes linked to psychiatric disease could help scientists develop more personalized treatments for patients in the future, Feng says.
 
The protein encoded by Shank3 is found in synapses. Shank3 is a scaffold protein; it helps organize hundreds of other proteins clustered on the postsynaptic cell membrane, which are required to coordinate the cell’s response to signals from the presynaptic cell.
 
In 2011, Feng and colleagues showed that by deleting Shank3 in mice, they could induce two of the most common traits of autism: avoidance of social interaction and compulsive, repetitive behavior. A year earlier, researchers at the University of Montreal identified a Shank3 mutation in patients suffering from schizophrenia.
 
Feng wanted to know how two different mutations in the Shank3 gene could play a role in such different disorders, so he and his colleagues engineered mice with each of the two mutations. The schizophrenia-linked mutation resulted in a truncated version of the Shank3 protein, while the autism-linked mutation lead to a total loss of the Shank3 protein.
 
Behaviorally, the mice shared many defects, including strong anxiety. The mice with the autism mutation had very strong compulsive behavior, manifested by excessive grooming, which was rarely seen in mice with the schizophrenia mutation. In the mice with the schizophrenia mutation, researchers saw a type of behavior known as social dominance. These mice trimmed to an extreme extent the whiskers and facial hair of the genetically normal mice sharing their cages.
 
By activating the mutations in different parts of the brain and at different stages of development, the researchers found that the two mutations affected brain circuits in different ways. The autism mutation exerted its effects early in development, primarily in a part of the brain known as the striatum, which is involved in coordinating motor planning, motivation, and habitual behavior. Feng believes that disruption of synapses in the striatum contributes to the compulsive behavior seen in those mice.
 
In mice carrying the schizophrenia mutation, early development was normal, suggesting that truncated Shank3 can adequately fill in for the normal version during this stage. But later in life, the truncated version of Shank3 interfered with synaptic functions and connections in the brain’s cortex, where executive functions such as thought and planning occur. This suggests that different segments of the protein—including the stretch that is missing in the schizophrenia-linked mutation—may be crucial for different roles, Feng says.
 
“Shank3 has many protein-protein interaction domains, and thus brings different signaling proteins to synapses to regulate synaptic development and function. The truncated protein could be partially functional depending on what signaling molecules are needed at the developmental stage, because it has some protein-protein interaction domains remaining,” Feng explains. “In other cases or developmental stages, it may require different signaling proteins and if the binding domains are not in the truncated protein, then the truncated Shank3 could actually assemble into the synapse and prevent the normal Shank3 to be assembled into synapses (e.g. in heterozygous). We call this dominant-negative effect. We see significant defects in heterozygous mice with schizophrenia-linked mutation which has truncated proteins.”
 
Although only a small percentage of autism patients have mutations in Shank3, many other variant synaptic proteins have been associated with the disorder. Future studies should help to reveal more about the role of the many genes and mutations that contribute to autism and other disorders, Feng says. Shank3 alone has at least 40 identified mutations, he notes.
 
According to Feng, Shank3 has at least two dozen isoforms. This study strongly suggests that different parts of the Shank3 have different functions at the synapses. Identifying the function of Shank3 in early developmental stages may reveal key pathological mechanisms for developing potential intervention strategies. Feng also believes that future large-scale genetic studies will likely find more disorders that are linked to Shank3, as well as Shank1 and 2.
 
Understanding exactly how these mutations influence brain circuits should help researchers develop drugs that target those circuits and match them with the patients who would benefit most, Feng says, adding that a tremendous amount of work needs to be done to get to that point. His lab is now investigating what happens in the earliest stages of the development of mice with the autism-linked Shank3 mutation, and whether any of those effects can be reversed either during development, or later in life.

Mel J. Yeates

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